In single steps:
My frame size was set to 4096 x 3048 with 300 dpi. I wanted to change the size to 30 cm x 30 cm.
- I set the „Resolution Unit“ to „Centimeters“.
I changed the „Frame Width“ to 30
I changed the „Hight“ to 30 too
I opened older files and other files, but only the upper half was rendering, the bottom half not, even in new blanc scenes.
I restarted the computer, I restarted the render client (a PC), nothing helped. But fortunately I was recording a screen cast.

So, this is an really problematic bug! You should never never change the frame size per centimeter setting until this issue is fixed!
